Effects of water stress on ethylene evolution from excised leaf segments and intact plants of wheat triticum aestivum l. Managing crops for excess water stress curtis cavers and john heard canadamanitoba crop diversification centre cmcdc potato agronomist curtis. Keywords salinity, tolerance, effect, yield, wheat 1. For each degree rise in temperature, wheat production is estimated to reduce by 6%. In wheat, all the reports ofenhanced ethylene production consequent upon water stress are based upon experiments with either excised and partially dried leaf segments 3, 20, 2326 or, occasionally, whole seedlings subjected to sudden water loss by lowering the osmotic potential of the root mediumwhile blowingwarmair over the shoot 24, 25. The usefulness of this technique is limited due to the many precautions that must be taken.
The droughtresistant mohamed ben bachir mbb from algeria and the droughtsensitive european variety capdur differed in the time and type of sugar increase during water stress. Relative water content rwc and leaf senescence as screening. While heat stress globally remains the most important factor determining the yield anomalies compare figure 2c and figure 2d, our findings show that water stress, and in particular water excess, is essential to explain yield anomalies of important wheat producers such as china and india. Exogenous application of growth enhancers mitigate water stress in wheat by antioxidant elevation. The aim of this study is effect of application elements, water stress and variety on nutrients of grain wheat in zahak region iran. The effects of drought stress on yield, yield components, and yield. Shawquat ali khan abstract the experiment was conducted with eleven wheat. Evaluation of a crop water stress index for detecting water. Cooly to evaluate the drought stress impact on wheat plant growthdevelopment and leaf chlorophyll contents. These and nondried control leaf segments water potential about.
Present study examined the effect of drought stress 100%, 75% and 50% fc, planting times 16november, 01december, 16december and 01january and genotypes yocoro rojo, fkau10, faisalabad08 and galaxy l7096 on phenological development, growth indices, grain yield and water use efficiency of dripirrigated wheat. It has been observed by many researchers that yield in drought stress conditions, is a fine fusion of the traits like days taken by crop. Estimate the effect of water stress on the evapotranspiration of a full grown tomato crop z r 0. Studies on different physiological parameters under water stress condition in different wheat cultivars shinde s s1, deokule s. Since roots play a critical role in water uptake, root response to water limitations is an important component for enhancing wheat adaptation. Effective management of irrigation water for wheat crop. More to the point, application methods for the use of micronutrients also affects the crop growth and yield. The thermocouple psychrometer technique was used to measure plant water stresses of wheat. Durum wheat was grown using hydroponics in the presence of polyethylene glycol peg6000 to perform a waterstress simulation. Drought can induce the deficiencies of some micronutrients, i. Wheat is one of the major crops in the world, and its yield is. Overlaying global crop production maps with aqueducts water risk atlas reveals agricultures current exposure to water stress.
Plant indicators of wheat and soybean crop water stress. The onset of water stress within a crop is defined as the time at which the rate of water loss declines below that of a well watered crop in the same locality. Effects of water stress on germination and growth of wheat, photosynthetic efficiency and accumulation of metabolites, soil processes and current trends in quality assessment, maria c. Effect of phytoliths for mitigating water stress in durum wheat.
In south africa most of the wheat production areas are vulnerable to drought stress during crop development. Pdf remote sensing of nitrogen and water stress in wheat. An experiment was conducted on five wheat triticum aestivum l. Keeping in view the importance of identifying water stress tolerant wheat genotypes, water stress conditions can be imposed to wheat at various stages of crop growth and development. Already, water demand in many parts of the world is meeting or exceeding natural supply. Water stress tolerance of wheat triticum aestivum l. Therefore, wheat crop needs frequent irrigation for good growth and yield.
The effect of water deficit varies considerably in the contrasting genotypes. Studies on different physiological parameters under water stress condition in different wheat cultivars. Wheat is sown in autumn and harvested in early summer in the winter rainfall. Nitrogen n is the largest agricultural input in many australian cropping systems and applying the right amount of n in the right place at the right physiological stage is a significant challenge for wheat growers. Whilst boron b deficiency is commonly associated with sterility in wheat, the expression of sterility is complicated in rainfed conditions by a number of environmental factors including water stress. Effect of salts stress on the growth and yield of wheat. Durum wheat gene expression responds to water stress in a global and regulated manner. Does cyclic water stress damage wheat yield more than a. Effects of water stress on photosystem ii photochemistry and. Matching n supply to water availability is therefore essential for a successful wheat crop. A field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of water stress on b. Water stress showed no effects on the maximal quantum yield of psii photochemistry f v f m, the rapid.
Water stress caused reduction of gas exchange parameters including photosynthesis rate pn. Net assimilation rate, water stress, water use efficiency environmental stresses trigger a wide variety of plant responses, ranging from altered gene expression and cellular. Effect of water stress on yield and yield components of wheat triticum aestivum l. Carbohydrates and water status in wheat plants under water stress. Drought tolerance screening of wheat varieties by inducing. That causes substantial reduction in grain yield, depending on the developmental stage at which water stress occurred. Mar, 2014 plant growth and productivity are adversely affected by water stress. While at mild stress, both the plant species did not vary significantly from each other for stress injury, moderate and high stress levels caused considerably more damage to wheat. Under water stress condition decrease in water status and osmotic potential in plants is the ultimate outcome of. Managing crops for excess water stress province of manitoba. A field experiment was conducted over two years to evaluate the gas exchange, water relations, and water use efficiency wue of wheat under different water stress and nitrogen management practices at crop physiology research area, university of. Effect of application elements, water stress and variety. Moderate to severe drought water stress at the reproductive stage is common in the u. Drought stress is the major limiting factor in agriculture.
Excised leaf segments of 8 day or 6 week old plants were dried until they lost 8% of their fresh weight water potential about. Effect of drought stress on the physiology and yield of. Evapotranspiration et was monitored with weighing lysimeters. Effect of water stress on the boron response of wheat. It occurs whenever water absorption by the crop is lower than the evaporative demand of the atmosphere. Pdf effects of drought stress on wheat triticum aestivum l. The relation to the onset of water stress and soil water status of several readily measured plant parameters was investigated in crops of wheat and soybeans over three years. While at mild stress, both the plant species did not vary significantly from each other for stress injury, moderate and high stress levels caused considerably more damage to wheat as compared to. The results indicated that high value of relative water contents were associated with increased yield and yield components.
Response of plants to water stress pubmed central pmc. Contrarily, soft wheat is the mostcommonwheat species predominantly cultivated in cooler climates. Effects of water stress on germination and growth of wheat. The objective of this study was to better understand the physiological basis of drought tolerance in elite wheat cultivars. Relative crop tolerances to excess water stress vary according to plant species. Both definitions are useful tools to evaluate winter wheat water stress in ncp, but the cwsi based on alves definition is more practical for monitoring winter wheat water stress in ncp, mainly due to not having to estimate the crop surface resistance, while the cwsi based on jacksons definition is more reasonable for quantifying winter. There were no clear relationships between peroxidase, esterase and catalase isozymes and storage proteins and water stress tolerance or susceptibility in wheat.
A sustainable approach presents an uptodate indepth coverage of drought and flooding stress in plants, including the types, causes and consequences on plant growth and development. Frontiers wheat phenological development and growth studies. In the met condition, the leaf life duration is the same for the two varieties. Wheat yield under drought stress suffer serious moisture deficit throughout its growth period from seedling to full maturity bilal et al. Effects of water deficit stress and nitrogen fertilizer on. The experiment comprised of two wheat cultivars and four water stress treatments, maintained by withholding water at tillering, anthesis, and at both stages. Modulated chlorophyll fluorescence, rapid fluorescence induction kinetics and the polyphasic fluorescence transients ojip were used to evaluate psii photochemistry in wheat plants exposed to water stress andor heat stress 2545c.
The effects of drought stress on yield, relative water. Climate resilience of the top ten wheat producers in the. A number of growth parameters were determined under water deficit stress, including plant height, leaf area, shoot and root dry weights, root length, root. Improved tolerance to drought stress after anthesis due to priming. Water stress effects on growth, yield and quality of wheat. Effect of water stress on imbibition, germination and seedling growth of maize 166 materials and methods the work presented here deals with the effect of four level of water potential. For cereal crops, oats are the most tolerant of excess water stress, followed by wheat and then barley. Water stress is most limiting in the summer production region, mainly because the crop is. In wheat triticum aestivum seedlings subjected to a mild water stress water potential of. Less decrease in wheat yield under water stress is usually observed in water stress tolerant cultivars as compared to sensitive ones gaspar et al. Flowering is the most critical stage for water stress, but early stress will reduce germination, emergence and plant tillering. Part of these differences may be due to varying levels of resistance to disease, while most of the differences are due to physiological characteristics. The stresses can be given at tillering, booting, and grain forming stages. Heat stress in wheat during reproductive and grainfilling.
Design of simulated water stress conditions water stress. Water stress significantly reduced the plant height, spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike and grain weight of all 25 wheat varieties. These results indicated that the effects of salts stress were greater at 10 than at 8, 6 and 4 ec dsm. Effective management of irrigation water for wheat crop under. Waterstressinduced ethylene production in wheat plant. Effect of water stress and abscisic acid aba on no. Rui guo, wei ping hao, dao zhi gong, xiu li zhong and feng xue gu february 27th 20. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of water stress on growth of four wheat cultivars grown in the kingdom of saudi arabia. Pdf drought is one of the most important phenomena which limit crops production and yield.
Sterility has emerged as a widespread problem for wheat triticum aestivum production in south and southeast asia. Exogenous application of growth enhancers mitigate water. A similar reduction of the levels of calcium, potassium, and phosphorus in roots and shoots of the wheat plant under water stress was recorded by. On the other hand, an increase in shoot proteins of the wheat plants cultivated under water stress condition was observed. The stress transient enabled the capture of the complexity of the plants response to water stress as a first step in dissecting inherent features of the biological system under perturbation. However, the potential yield and waterlimited yield of wheat needs to continue.
S2 department f botany, savitribai phule pune university, pune411007, india abstract. Past studies revealed that ceres group of crop growth models for maize, sorghum and wheat are suitable for decision making related to water management steiner et al. The main plots included drought stress treatments at 4 levels. During the 2000 growing season, winter wheat was cultivated in 16 proximate field plots 2. Some physiological traits that are more closely corelated with grain yield were studied in six durum and seven bread wheat genotypes under soil water deficit in natural conditions of cultivation. Studies on different physiological parameters under water. It discusses the physiobiochemical, molecular and omic approaches, and responses of crop plants towards water stress.
Between durum wheat, durum idw 0161 was resistant one fig 1. However, it is more accelerated in durum wheat than in the bread wheat in a situation of water stress. Therefore, the development of plants with increased survivability and growth during water stress is a major objective in the breeding crops. The highest relative water content rwc might be calculated at crop vegetative stage almeselmani et al. Water stress not only affects plant water relations through the reduction of water content, turgor and total water, it also affects stomatal closure, limits gaseous exchange and reduces transpiration rate lisar et al. Physiological responses to water stress and yield of winter. Evaluation of a crop water stress index for detecting. Institute of biotech nology and genetic engineering, kpk. Water stress, water relations, growth, triticum aestivum, yield components. There was also a reduction in the length of the zone of mesophyll cell division to within 4 mm from the base compared with 8 mm in control. Effect of water stress on growth and water use efficiency. We quantify the wheat production losses due to drought and heat stress using a statistical method linking the observed climate anomalies to the official production data recorded by the food and agriculture organization fao for the top ten.
Strategies for engineering water stress tolerance in plants. The objective of this field study was to determine. Metabolomics response for drought stress tolerance in. This study attempted comparative transcriptome profiling. Carbohydrates and water status in wheat plants under water. Frontiers wheat phenological development and growth. We developed an original method for in situ analysis of phytoliths in leaves via xray imaging. Remote sensing of nitrogen and water stress in wheat. Past studies revealed that ceres group of crop growth models for maize, sorghum and wheat are suitable for decision making related to water.
Increasing temperature and consequent changes in climate adversely affect plant growth and development, resulting in catastrophic loss of wheat productivity. Meanwhile, between two genotypes of bread wheat, shahriar was more sensible than alvand to the drought stress. Understanding how wheat manages water stress is important for the reclamation of droughtprone soils and crop pro. This requires an adequate assessment of n and water status variability in agricultural landscapes. Drought stress causes generation of activated oxygen species aos in plants. Water use efficiency wue, a parameter of crop quality and performance under water deficit is an important selection trait. Wheat is an important crop, with some cultivars tolerant to water stress. The negative effects of water deficit on total water content. This research investigated the effect of water deficit on wheat cultivars algaimi, sindy1, sindy2, and habahmar grown in the kingdom of saudi arabia. The occurrence of water stress during wheat growth is more frequent due to climate change. Water stress is the major environmental stresses that affect agricultural production worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid regions.
Root system size rss of wheat can be a selection target for drought tolerance. Effects of water stress on morphophenological changes in. Pdf effect of water stress on yield and yield components of. Systems responses to progressive water stress in durum wheat. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for degree. Changes in sugar content during water stress and recovery were examined in leaves of two varieties of durum wheat triticum durum. Wheat yield loss attributable to heat waves, drought and. The expected et o for the coming decade is 5 mmday and k c 1. A detailed overview of morphophysiological responses of wheat to heat stress may help formulating appropriate strategies for heatstressed wheat.
Wheat water management water stress and waterlogging. Pdf effect of water stress on yield and yield components of wheat. The drought stressinduced proteins allow plants to make biochemical and structural adjustments that enable plants to cope with the stress 78. Effect of drought stress on the physiology and yield of the pakistani wheat germplasms. The response of a crop to fertiliser applications is heavily reliant on plant available water and rainfall.
In the face of this waterfood nexus, three major points are important to keep in mind. To overcome water shortage problem plants shows some adaptive mechanism such antioxidant. Water deficit limits plant growth and productivity in wheat. Effects of water stress on morphophenological changes in wheat genotypes. The lateral root density gene regulates root growth during. However, under water stress conditions, water and nitrogen use efficiency and seed yield of durum wheat was more than bread wheat. Wheat, which is the most widely grown crop in the world, is predominantly cultivated in drought. Physiological responses to water stress and yield of. Understanding the effects of water stress on wheat growth, yield and quality is essential for good irrigation management.
The experiments were base on split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Heat stress in wheat during reproductive and grainfilling phases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of water stress on the growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and accumulations of proline, betaine and carbohydrates of wheat seedlings, by using peg simulated water stress. Assessment of drought tolerance of some triticum l. The objective of this study was to better understand the physiological basis of drought tolerance in elite wheat. Nitrogen fertility influence on water stress and yield of winter wheat d.
Water stress caused reduction in leaf relative water contents, water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, growth and yield components of both the wheat cultivars. Water stress effects on growth, yield and quality of wheat triticum aestivum l. Halvorson abstract available soil water and n fertility are the primary factors limiting dryland winter wheat triticum aestivum l. Southern high plains shp, where wheat is grown as a major winter crop.